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Section outline

    • Difference between C and C++
    • Procedural vs. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
      • Top-down vs. Bottom-up approach
      • Code reuse and encapsulation
      • Real-world modeling using classes & objects
    • Encapsulation

      • Public, private, and protected access specifiers
      • Data hiding and abstraction
      • Example: Shape class with virtual draw() method

    • Inheritance

      • Base and derived class relationships
      • Overriding base class methods
      • Using initializer lists and enhanced base class functionality

    • Polymorphism

      • Runtime polymorphism (virtual functions)
      • Static polymorphism (operator overloading)
      • Example: Overloaded operators in DefaultShape